Type-Directed Compilation for Fault-Tolerant Non-Interference

Environmental noise (e.g. heat, ionized particles, etc.) causes transient faults in hardware, which lead to corruption of stored values. Mission-critical devices require such faults to be mitigated by fault-tolerance – a combination of techniques that aim at preserving the functional behaviour of a system despite the disruptive effects of transient faults. Fault-tolerance typically has a high deployment cost – special hardware might be required to implement it – and provides weak statistical guarantees. It is also based on the assumption that faults are rare. In this paper, we consider scenarios where security, rather than functional correctness, is the main asset to be protected. Our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we develop a theory for expressing confidentiality of data in the presence of transient faults. We show that the natural probabilistic definition of security in the presence of faults can be captured by a possibilistic definition. Furthermore, the possibilistic definition is implied by a known bisimulation-based property, called Strong Security. Secondly, we illustrate the utility of these results for a simple RISC architecture for which only the code memory and program counter are assumed fault-tolerant. We present a type-directed compilation scheme that produces RISC code from a higher-level language for which Strong Security holds – i.e. well-typed programs compile to RISC code which is secure despite transient faults. In contrast with fault-tolerance solutions, our technique assumes relatively little special hardware, gives formal guarantees, and works in the presence of an active attacker who aggressively targets parts of a system and induces faults precisely.